11 Things President Buhari's Administration Has So Far Achieved
Tuesday, February 21, 2017
Why Buhari should consider people-focused policies –Oshinowo, NECA DG
Why Buhari should consider people-focused policies –Oshinowo, NECA DG By Bimbola Oyesola
Things are
really hard for the Organised Private Sector (OPS) and as a big player
in the economy, the Director General of the Nigeria Employers
Consultative Association (NECA), Olusegun Oshinowo, believes that the
Muhammadu Buhari-led administration urgently needs to come up with
policies that deliver benefits to Nigerians in the short term.
He noted that most policies of the
government had failed to deliver meaningful outcome more so on the
availability of foreign exchange, where Nigeria has a huge supply gap of
almost $2 billion.
Oshinowo stated that in 2017, the economy
may not be any different from 2016 despite hopes being expressedby
various stakeholders, considering that the basic variables that made the
economy to move in that direction have not been addressed in the 2017
budget.
He speaks more on reasons the Federal
Government has no other option to fund the 2017 budget than to borrow,
the need to sell the nation’s four refineries and the inability of the
economy to pay the new minimum wage among other issues relating to the
economy.
Excerpt:
2016 in retrospect
Looking back at 2016 would simply amount
to rewinding the tape of what I called pains, agonies, negativism about
our economy. When you look at all the indices, is it the exchange rate
of our currency, the convertibility of our currency, interest rate,
availability of foreign exchange to oil the wheel of the economy,
everything tended towards negativism absolutely. Of course, the
statistics are quite clear, the last three quarters of the year, the
economy has been in recession. In fact, if you break that further down,
you will discover that it is only some pockets of sub-sectors of the
economy that have been able to keep their heads above water. Probably,
the entertainment industry recorded marginal growth, insurance and
finance have been able to record marginal growth. But the rest of the
sub-sectors – building and construction, hospitality and hotels,
manufacturing – were all under water. So the story of 2016 is really the
story of pains, agonies, woes and just name it.
$30 billion loan
First, we must realise that nobody goes
out to a lender to borrow money, except there is a reason for it. A
typical attitude of a man would be to be debt free. So if a man, a
country or an institution says, we want to take loan, it must have been
borne out of the fact that such cannot generate the resources required.
That’s a fundamental issue, and Nigeria can be on that page. In 2016, we
ran a budget deficit; how will government be able to run its deficit,
government cannot just print currency to fund its deficit. So the very
context and outlook of the budget deficit exposes one to the imperative
to go and look for means to fund the budget deficit. We’ve come up with
the framework for the 2017 budget, so the outlook and the context of the
deficit, probably of bigger magnitude, how are they going to fund it?
But the question we should be asking is not whether we should approve or
endorse their decision to borrow. They have no other option than to
borrow. What we should be showing interest in, is why are they going out
to borrow? What are they going to use the fund for? If the bulk of the
fund they are going to borrow is going into the recurrent expenditure,
there is going to be a big problem there. We should be telling
government to share with us the specifics of what they are going to use
this money for. I don’t know whether Nigerians are already asking that
question, but that’s really the question I would be asking. Because I do
realise that they don’t have any other option than to borrow in order
to fund the budget.
But what is of interest to me is, is the
money you are going to borrow going to fund your recurrent expenditure?
Which, in my view, is still very high. Even though the percentage
earmarked for capital expenditure in 2017 budget is a little higher than
what was earmarked for capital expenditure in 2016, even at 30.87 per
cent of the budget, I still consider that low to actually improve our
infrastructure so that we can improve the environment for doing
business. So government should come up with a more specific list of what
it’s going to do with the money it intends to borrow. So that on a
quarterly basis we can hold our government accountable.
Appraisal of 2017 budget
As I’ve said, we need to know what the
money government is planning to borrow is going into. What it would
deliver to the ailing economy will manifest over a time frame of short,
medium and long term. But the key thing is for them to be on the right
track in terms of ensuring that their expenditure, attitude and profile
gesture is what will boost the economy. Let’s take the short term; I
want to hear from the government in a very clear term, what its plans
really are to boost the source of foreign exchange. We must look at
policy that must deliver benefit to people at short term. We need
something that will give some respite to Nigerians. This is because the
gap between our needs and what we have in supply is quite huge, it’s
almost about $2 billion. So we need to look at government policy options
that will ensure that we reduce those gaps. What are those options –
sell unproductive and derelict national assets.
The second thing is, we need to reduce
the use of foreign exchange for what I call non-critical sectors or
non-critical items. What are those? Government did come up with the list
of banned items last year. We’ve got to accept the fact that there are
some items we import that are non-critical to this economy. Anyone that
still wants to be involved in that should not have access to government
foreign exchange. Honestly speaking, I believe in that because in a
situation of scarcity, there is need to draw up scale of preference.
Then thirdly, government must address the
issue of militancy in the Niger Delta. This is because we are not
maximising our OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
quota. We have a quota of about 2.2 – 2.4 barrels, the much we are doing
now is under 1.8. In which case we have the potential to have boosted
our foreign exchange inflow but we are not because of the militancy in
the Niger Delta. We cannot discount the imperative for government to
have a blueprint for ensuring peace in the Niger Delta, so we can take
maximum advantage of our OPEC quota. I’m yet to see or hear what
government is doing along that line. If government is able to get its
acts together on those two issues, increase the flow of foreign exchange
and guarantee peace to some extent that would boost more supply to the
foreign exchange market. This would also stem inflation.
In the medium and long term, one would
expect government to be looking at the bigger issue of how we can
promote made-in-Nigeria goods so that we can consume what we make and
beef up our domestic capacity to produce and export those items. We are
more an importing country than an export country and for as long as that
remains, it would limit our potential for meaningful economic growth.
But for a net exporter, it would boost our supply in terms of foreign
exchange, and it would also reduce our need for foreign exchange.
Government simply has to look at policy options that will transform
Nigeria from being a net importer to a net exporter so that it can
promote meaningful economic growth.
N56,000 minimum wage
There are two ways I can look at it,
first, as a representative of employers, equally as an economist or
probably from the two perspectives. I’m not an economist but I have
economic understanding. Let me first look at it from economics angle;
consumer expenditure is one of the critical variables that drive the
growth of any economy and the GDP growth. Nobody can dispute that and
I’ve always given a classical example of the US economy where consumers’
expenditure on its own contribute not less than 60-75 per cent to GDP
growth. So we can’t discount consumers expenditure as drivers of growth.
However, due to inflation, disposable income has significantly reduced.
Other things that have contributed to
this include the failure of government to pay salary to its staff. High
unemployment has equally led to the virtual collapse of the disposable
income. So on the face of it, this economy should be able to benefit
from consumer expenditure; that is standard normative economic
principle. But when you juxtapose that against ability to pay, then you
got to choose between the two. So even though consumer expenditure
should drive growth, the fact is the economy cannot afford it for now.
The economy will have to draw up the list of its priorities among key
drivers of growth. What are those key drivers of growth? I’ve mentioned
consumer expenditure, investment also is a key driver of growth,
government expenditure is equally key driver of growth, the nation’s net
exporter is also one. Now, when I look at all those four variables, if
our current economy is constant, it would not make it possible for us,
it would rack up consumer expenditure so it can drive growth, but what
else do we have?
Investment is not going pretty well for
us because our environment is not encouraging investment, and beyond
that, the instability and inconsistency in the foreign exchange market
is making many would-be investors to take their time. Consumer
expenditure and foreign direct investments are not going well, we are
left with two variables, government expenditure and net of export and
import. The net of export equally is not going on well because we are
not an exporting country. So we are only left with one variable, which
is government expenditure. Take 2016 budget as example, government is
the biggest spender in the economy. To what extent did government spend
in 2016? As at October 2016, we had only spent about 35-40 per cent of
the capital expenditure. Where would growth come from? The question is,
is the time right for salary increase? On the face of it, standard
economics, we need to get that via income, but the economy cannot afford
that now. That is the truth about it. I can bet it if we are to conduct
a poll, even among Nigerian workers, and they are asked to choose
between job security and income enhancement, 100 per cent of workers
would opt for job security.
Job security in that situation is not
constant, that would make you to wake up in the morning and you are
assured that you have a place of work to go.
I can bet it, outside the comrades circle
that speak on behalf of workers, if individual workers should be asked
to make a choice between job satisfaction, income enhancement and job
security, they would all go for job security.
2017 outlook
I must commend government of the day for
going on a roadshow and having a town meeting to raise the hope of
Nigerians. I would not have expected them to do anything less. We
actually need somebody to do that. I must also praise the churches and
the pastors and imams for raising the hope of Nigerians on a continuous
basis. At least, we have something to look forward to and we just pray
that hope will deliver its good dividend to us. We are all creatures of
hope, that’s what keeps us living. But unfortunately, when you look at
the horizon, and the facts, seeing a situation where this trajectory
with all the features already listed is likely to continue in the same
direction in 2017 because the basic variables that have made that
trajectory to be moving in that direction have not been addressed in the
2017 budget. So why would I expect the result to be different from what
we had in 2016. But I just want to end my comments on the basis of
aligning with the government, aligning with the pastors and with the
imams in asking Nigerians to be hopeful of a better time to come.
Government policies
The truth about it is that we’ve not seen
any meaningful outcomes and benefits from some of those policies. It
may well be that the gestation period for those policies are such that
you cannot expect immediate outcomes. But talking frankly, when you
examine each and everyone of those policies, you discover that you can’t
pinpoint anyone of them that has delivered meaningful outcome. As I’ve
said, every policy has its own gestation period, some of them probably
will start delivering on outcomes in the medium term, and I can give
example of such policies. Take the decision of government to ban
importation of rice through the land borders and given the huge appetite
of Nigerians for rice, which is a product we can cultivate locally,
some investors have been encouraged to go into rice cultivation. Now,
those who have gone into it have started delivering the outcome of their
initiatives. Recently, the governors of Lagos and Kebbi states were
eating what they called lake rice, which the Lagos State government was
selling at affordable price to Lagosians. That’s one positive outcome of
government policy to ban importation of rice. But the capacity that has
been built up since that policy was announced is still not sufficient
to meet the consumptive capacity of Nigerians. I do understand that
other investors have gone into it. Using that as an example, that’s one
policy that is going to run a full circle of its gestation. When it
eventually runs the full circle of it’s gestation, then this economy
will enjoy the full benefits of it in terms of reduced demand on foreign
exchange to import rice. So one must commend government for that kind
of policy.
But when you look at other policies of
government, it’s pretty difficult to really pinpoint anyone of them that
has even delivered the kind of marginal outcome, which the policy on
the ban of importation of rice through the land border has given us. But
for me, the issue is not so much about whether we have started enjoying
the benefits of those policies. The issue for me is more about whether
eventually, in the medium term and the long term, those policies will
deliver on their intended outcome. Take the issue of our foreign
exchange market, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has become probably
an expert in churning out policies but
have they delivered on the outcome? Of course they have not delivered
on the outcome. Why have they not delivered on the outcome? This is
because the problems are fundamental and until we address the
fundamental issue of why we are having scarcity, any other policy by the
CBN will not give us any outcome. It’s simply the issue of not having
enough foreign exchange to meet the needs of the economy.
So CBN should start tinkering with the
policies. This would only give what I call palliative in the short term
and that palliative will not last. That probably explains why CBN, from
time to time, comes up with another policy to see whether such would
give a desirable outcome. But the point is, this won’t happen until CBN
actually puts its finger on the fundamental issue of how to push supply
so that there is sufficient supply to meet demand. The unfortunate thing
is that in their attempt to come up with policies, they’re beginning to
sound very desperate about it, and which is probably making them to
make certain comments which some of us cannot connect with. Like it’s
been said that they want to ban the black market or get the black market
under. That, for me, does not make any sense. The question they should
ask themselves in the first instance is what gave rise to the black
market. If as a Nigerian, I want to travel abroad and I’m entitled to
PTA (Personal Travel Allowance) of $4000 and I must travel for whatever
reason, and I’ve now approached my bank to exercise my right of
obtaining $4000 PTA and my bank tells me sorry, they don’t have
sufficient foreign exchange to give and I must travel. Definitely, I
must look for an alternative; and I now approach another official
outlet, which is a BDC, and the BDC is actually telling me the same
story, the truth about it is that since I must travel, I must find
another source. If that source now has to be the black market, where I’m
going to pay a higher price to get my product, then I would be much
more than willing to obtain it from the black market. So it is that kind
of experience and situation that leads to black market. It’s like that
anywhere in the world, standard economic principle where supply of a
product cannot meet up with its demand, a subterranean market would
emerge and it is the subterranean market that we call the black market.
So to get the market completely under, all you need to do is to boost
supply. But they are not telling us how they are going to boost supply,
so whatever attempt, whatever policy they may want to come up with, as
far as I’m concerned, is dead on arrival. Because the fundamental issue
in regard to demand and supply has not been addressed.
Unfortunately, government is shying away
from embracing some tough decisions that would enable them to boost the
supply. Yes, they are looking in the direction of other policies that
have the potential and I’m watching my words, that have the potential to
boost supply but they don’t have complete control over the outcome.
Remember it was the recognition of the fact that if government should
loosen up on the control of the foreign exchange market, and allow the
naira to find its level, there would be inflow of Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI). But to what extent really have we had FDI on account
of the loose space they are giving the foreign exchange market to play
in the market? To a lesser extent. But there are policies open to the
government that would make it easy to bring foreign exchange to the
country. If you ask me, can I give example of such, government of course
knew that and they flew the kite in the public domain but when they saw
the reaction of the public, they moved back into their cocoon. Why on
earth would anyone want to continue to hold on to unproductive and
derelict assets? If I have a vehicle that is smoking, a vehicle that is
draining me of resources for maintenance and I have another vehicle that
is good, why would I want to keep that vehicle in my compound? Why
would I want to continue to use that vehicle. The truth is that this
country has some assets that are unproductive, that are derelict, and
they are like smoking vehicles that government has no business in
hanging on to. Take our four refineries, for instance. They are like the
smoking vehicle. Why can’t government sell those refineries? Wouldn’t
that bring in some foreign exchange for us? But instead they are talking
about investing some money to still fix a smoking vehicle.
How about social responsibility?
It is rubbish! The issue is simply
economic. I have an asset, it is unproductive, instead I’m spending
money on it, yet it’s unproductive, it doesn’t make sense for me to
continue to hang on to it. It is not an emotional decision. It’s a
decision of the head and not a decision of the heart at all. So
government should explain why it’s still hanging on to those four
refineries. I’ve used that as an example, but I know that there are
other government assets dotting the nooks and crannies of this country
that would fall into the category of unproductive and derelict assets
that other people can still take and turn around and decide on what they
want to do with them. But, at least, the money that Nigeria would have
realised from the sale of these assets would boost our purse and can be
used to focus on other projects that would be of benefits to Nigerians.
Senate tells EFCC to go after CBN, civil servants
Senate tells EFCC to go after CBN, civil servants
The Upper Legislative Chamber gave the charge to the commission when its acting Chairman, Ibrahim Magu and other EFCC officials appeared before the Senate Committee on Anti-Corruption to defend its budget.
The committee said unbridled stealing of public funds by government officials was partly responsible for the recession the country is experiencing.
A member of the committee, Senator Isa Misau wondered how one person: a former Group Managing Director of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Mr. Andrew Yakubu could beat the system to amass and stockpile foreign currencies to the tune of $9.7 million, £74, 000 and naira.
Misau said the indiscriminate stealing of government funds has reached an alarming level in the country such that the amount of US dollars in circulation in Nigeria is much more than what the United States Federal Reserve Bank could boast off.
The lawmaker lamented: “In Nigeria of today, the US dollars and other foreign currencies being stashed in secret places were not being used for trading and business transactions to promote the economy.
“Those who are in possession of these foreign currencies exploit the loopholes in the CBN and channel them through the parallel market to make quick gains, thus destabilising the naira,” Misau said.
He alleged that government officials, past and present, with their ill-gotten wealth are the landlords of choice properties, in exclusive areas of Abuja, Lagos and other major Nigerians cities.
Misau told the EFCC to seek avenues for reviewing its law to ensure that ill-gotten money and properties are not only confiscated, but their owners made to spend long years in jail.
According to the senator, “It is painful that EFCC would just arrest some of these people and after a week in custody release them on bail and at the end, nothing is heard about their cases. This is not what we want in Nigeria.”
The committee chairman, Senator Chukwuka Utazi praised EFCC’s efforts in the fight against corruption. He charged the officials to always do the needful in the fight to save Nigeria from the clutches of corruption.
Utazi assured the agency of support of the Senate in every area necessary to make it discharge its duties in accordance with the law.
http://guardian.ng/news/senate-tells-efcc-to-go-after-cbn-civil-servants/
If Buhari Does Not Die In Office, Then I Am Not A Man Of God’ – Nigerian Pastor
If Buhari does not die in office then I am not a man of God
A Nigerian prophet has declared that God told him President Buhari will die soon if the presidency does not come to see him.
If Buhari does not die in office then I am not a man of God
The president of nigeria
A Nigerian seer, Prophet Emmanuel Chukwudi, the General Overseer of King of Kings Deliverance Church based in Ebonyi State, has made a damning declaration that President Muhammadu Buhari will die in office and the Vice President, Yomi Osinbajo, will rule in his place.
Prophet Chukwudi made the startling declaration in one of his prophetic revelations at a service in his church located at Mgbo Court, Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi where he stated that if President Buhari does not die in power, then he is not a man of God.
Chukwudi in his statement said that although he hoped that the president is hale and hearty as the presidency has continued to tell Nigerians, the Lord revealed to him categorically that Buhari will not complete his first term as president of Nigeria.
“Buhari will die in office; if he does not die, then I am not a man of God. Osinbajo will rule in his stead. I told them a long time ago to pray for their master, that he needed urgent prayers to avert the calamity of death at Aso Rock, but they were lazy.
No one has bothered to reach me, now see what is happening. They don’t want to come for prayers. Things will get worse,” he emphasized.
Addressing the presidency directly, Prophet Chukwudi said:
“I had early said he will die, now see what is happening. Nobody wants to come and see the man of God, no one cares read more....
https://www.igodotv.com/2017/02/21/if-buhari-does-not-die-in-office-then-i-am-not-a-man-of-god-nigerian-pastor/
Sunday, February 19, 2017
GOOD GOVERNANCE Written by: Yusuf . W
GOOD GOVERNANCE.
Indeed
Nigeria was giving independence in 1960
and she became a Republican State In
year 1963. Before the independence it
was envisage that this country would experience economic stability,political
and sociocultural stability but what was experiencing after independence worse off than what was experience during the
colonialization.
The
position of Nigeria as a country in the map of Africa she is located in a
strategic position where she is blessed
with both Human and Natural Resources which can be of importance to
enhance NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND GOOD
GOVERNANCE .Since independent the country has been facing with one problems or the other she has been faced with the
problem of Tribal,Ethnicity,Regional Loyalty,Military Intervention in
Politics,Census Crisis of 1962,Civil War of 1967 to 1970,Legislative and
Executive Crisis of 1981,Corruption among others. Those
problems mention above slow than the POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT and contributed to BAD GOVERNANCE
of this great Nation and hindered National Development .
Consequently,
what constitutes good governance is
ability of government to deliver the dividend of democracy and
people has all constitutional rights to enjoyed and been safeguarded
against internal and external aggression.Today, in this nation people has
no access to exercise their political right and freedom, life of the citizens
are no longer protected,roads linking to places are in a deplorable
state,unemployment,politicisation of government
Employment,Poor Remuneration of
Workers Salary,Irregular Payment of Workers Salary,Corruption,they constituted
what we called BAD GOVERNANCE.
Written by:
Yusuf . W.
UNDERSTANDING MARRIAGE [part 3]
UNDERSTANDING MARRIAGE [part 3]
5 FIVE MAJORS PROBLEMS HINDERED FRUITFULNESS AND EFFICIENCY OF A SUCCESSFUL MARITAL LIFE.
Many
marital life all over the world supposed to might have enjoyed and experienced
essence of marriage formation but many factors slow down the effectiveness,
efficiency and efficacy of a successful marital life some factors are minors while many of them are major
factors. Here are some of the majors factors:-
To
begin with,Financial Constraint, many marital life faced with the problem of
financial crisis most especially family with low or no stable source of
income,feeding clothing and other basic
necessities of life becomes problem with this fact such family is in calamities
and predicament and if it's not properly handle such marital life may collapse.
Occasionally husband with financial incapacity may and may not be able to
handle the family issues efficiently,money is not everything but in marital
affairs money speaks in fact without money family life itself becomes a
problem. A situation where husband cannot meet up with his responsibility as
the head of the family and as the Bread Winner such a marital life has just
only 2years before the problem would b
arises and this may again go against the will of the husband.
Secondly,Incompatibility over 68% of the people who get married faced
with this problem of incompatibility. People get married and happily blessed
with children but the compatibility is not there any marriage with this
identified problem has a tendency of living for a very short period of years
before the negative signs of incompatibility will start. Many marriage with
this problem can not do away with misunderstanding,fighting,unnecessary
argument and exchange of blow and turning the wife to bunching bag and vice
versa and this is usually everyday.
Thirdly, Peer Pressure many people lucky they married their destinined
wife and husband and in time of compatibility they are compatible and when talk
of financial buoyancy the money is there but the marriage faced with the
problem of peer group pressure. Type and kind of friend wife and husband keep
usually explain their character towards their husband and wife and wife who get
along with friends who are not well groomed and culture may influence and cause
attitudinal changes of the wife toward the husband and like wise husband that
get along with bad friends may equally affect his behavior toward the wife and
the children.
Fourthly, barrenness or inability of the wife to conceived. Many scholar
has argued that most often than not not only the wife that is usually behind
the problem of inability to bear children at times husband used to be the major
problem but African mentality is wife is the only barrier to the problem of
barrenness. Everybody has a very strong notion that marriage without children
is like a "Ordinary Paper Tiger" with this essential tag marriage
without children such marital life is in danger.
More also ,
Lack of trust, any marital affairs without trust such marriage can not last
long because trust is an important aspect of a successful marital life.
Finally,Parental Involvement in the domestic affairs of the marital
life. parental involvement in the marital affairs has limitation in a situation
where parents seek to know interior aspect of marital affairs marriage will
seem to experience calamities which may hasten the escalation of marriage
within a very short period of time.
Watch out for theories of love relationship
Written by :
Yusuf .W.
UNDERSTANDING MARRIAGE [part 2]
UNDERSTANDING MARRIAGE [part 2]
CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR A SUCCESSFUL MARITAL LIFE.
Several
questions follows the preface of UNDERSTANDING MARRIAGE,particularly why many
marriage usually brake within a very short period of time. Here are the
conditions that necessary for successful Maria life:
To begin it,
NATURAL LOVE,love carry 79% of total part of marriage and any marriage that
lack love such marital life have a very short
life span. Husband is expected to love the wife and the wife is expected
to love the husband respectively. Intending couples are to seek at all cost
presence of love in their marital affairs so as to stabilize their
relationship. Many marriage fail today as a result of absence of NATURAL LOVE.
Secondly,CARING one of the major condition that is necessary for a
sustainable marriage is caring, husband is expected to care for the wife and
the wife is equally expected to care for the husband. In the process of love
caring emerge whereby many people who are in a true love find things difficult
to do if they have not been able to hear from their wife or husband this is
because love is there and effect
positive changes to caring. Ladies by their nature they appreciate men who
entertains caring at all times and prefer to spend their rest of years with the
man who cares about them. Caring begins with have you pray? How is your health? Have you eaten?what
will you like to wear today? Etc.
Thirdly,Tolerance,couples who dreamt to live together for a very long
time is expected to tolerate each other, husband wife must understand that by the nature of
Human being no man is completely alike as explained by CHARLES DARWIN IN THE THEORY
OF EVOLUTION. Lovers must belief that we are bringing different person from
different backgrounds and born from different parent together therefore,
couples should learn how to tolerate each other’s doings and behaviours at all
time in order to progress their marital affairs.
More also,
Faithfulness and Truthfulness also serve as a bedrock to a successful marital life.
Any husband who can not at all times stand firm to trust his wife normally find
love as barrier to a successful living.
As a matter of fact faithfulness and truthfulness is an essential attributes of
a successful living being removing it in
any social interaction it becomes dissociative interaction.
Conclusively, husband and wife must understand themselves. Understanding
themselves prevented collapse of marriage because at a point in time when
problems arise wife knows where and when to speak and seek for apology like the
husband must have every fundamental information about the wife in order to
prevent future and immediate problems. Globally marriage is an essential
contract people enter till their rest of life until in a Case of untimely
demise of any of the couple. Therefore before going into life contractual
agreement couple must be able to state
clearly the STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES of
their life partner.
Watch
out for 5 five major problems hindered fruitfulness and efficiency of a
Successful Marital life.
Written by:
Yusuf .W.
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